Zinc solubilizing bacteria: A promising cost-saving solution for Indian farmers: A review

Zinc (Zn) is a critical micronutrient for plants, animals, and humans, yet nearly 50% of Indian soils are Zn-deficient, significantly affecting crop productivity and human nutrition, especially in cereal-based diets. Conventional Zn fertilizers like zinc sulphide and zinc oxide, though widely used via soil application, result in up to 90% Zn fixation—leading to substantial economic losses for farmers. This review emphasizes the cost-effective potential of zinc-solubilizing bacteria (ZSB), which enhance Zn bioavailability through mechanisms like organic acid production and chelation. ZSB application, either alone or in combination with Zn sources, improves Zn uptake, yield, and grain nutrition in rice and other crops, while also supporting soil health. As an environmentally sustainable and economically viable solution, integrating ZSB into nutrient management strategies can reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers, lower input costs, and contribute to mitigating Zn malnutrition. Future research should focus on field validation and biofortification approaches.