Rice-based cropping systems under conservation agriculture: Pathways to climate-resilient and sustainable agriculture

Rice is a staple food for over half of the global population, yet conventional rice farming practices- characterized by intensive tillage, monocropping, and high water use pose significant environmental and economic challenges, especially under the growing pressures of climate change. Conservation Agriculture, which emphasizes minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and diversified crop rotations, has emerged as a sustainable alternative to traditional methods. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential of rice-based cropping systems under conservation agriculture to enhance climate resilience, resource-use efficiency and long-term agricultural sustainability. This assessment draws upon recent field trials, meta-analyses, and farmer-based case studies from South and Southeast Asia, focusing on practices such as direct-seeded rice, crop diversification, residue management, and water-saving irrigation techniques like alternate wetting and drying. Results indicate that rice-based conservation agriculture systems can reduce water use by up to 40%, lower greenhouse gas emissions (especially methane) by 30-70%, and improve soil organic carbon levels. Crop diversification and residue retention further contribute to yield stability and enhanced soil health. Economic analysis also reveals a reduction in input costs and improved net returns for smallholder farmers adopting CA-based practices.