Multi-stress-tolerant varieties: The future of agronomic crop breeding in India

Indian agriculture faces a complex matrix of environmental and biological challenges. Stresses such as drought, heat, salinity, cold and flooding increasingly coincide with biotic pressures from pests, diseases and weeds. Traditional breeding alone is no longer sufficient to sustain yields under these multiple stresses. This article examines the development of multi-stress-tolerant crop varieties across cereals, pulses, oilseeds and horticultural crops in India. We review classical breeding methods and modern approaches, including genomics, biotechnology and precision breeding tools. Emphasis is placed on genetic and physiological traits that confer tolerance and on emerging policy frameworks that support climate-resilient agriculture. Four large tables summarize key tolerance traits, important stress-resilient varieties, advanced breeding technologies and typical stress-response outcomes. Together, these elements highlight how integrated strategies can create the next generation of climate-smart varieties. The goal is a detailed understanding of how India can breed crops that thrive amid increasing abiotic and biotic stresses, thus ensuring future food and nutritional security.