Restoring degraded soils: A synthesis of ecological, biological and engineering approaches

Soil degradation is a critical global issue affecting food security, biodiversity, and ecosystem resilience. Degraded soils often result from unsustainable land use practices, deforestation, overgrazing, industrial activities, and climate change-induced stresses. This review synthesizes recent advancements in ecological, biological, and engineering-based restoration strategies. By integrating multidisciplinary approaches, it is possible to rehabilitate degraded lands, enhance soil health, and improve agricultural productivity. We explore key techniques, case studies, and emerging tools, emphasizing nature-based solutions, microbiome manipulation, and geotechnical interventions. The review highlights the importance of site-specific strategies, community involvement, and policy support in driving effective soil restoration efforts.