Bridging agronomy and extension: Enhancing farmer decision-making through climate-smart, data-driven advisory systems

Climate change, limited resources, and the need for sustainable practices are making it harder for agriculture to be productive and for people to have enough food. This review article looks at how climate-smart, data-driven advisory systems can help farmers make better decisions by connecting agronomy research with farm-level extension. We talk about the ideas behind climate-smart agriculture (CSA), which aims to boost productivity and resilience while cutting down on greenhouse gas emissions. We also talk about how digital tools and big data can help with decision-making for different types of cropping systems. Modern advisory platforms can give you exact advice on crop choices, planting schedules, irrigation, pest control, and more by combining real-time weather and field data with agronomic knowledge. This article looks back at how agronomy and extension have changed over time, focusing on the scientists and policies that helped shape new ideas in farming. We describe the most important parts of a good advisory framework, such as sensors, algorithms, communication channels, and training modules. We also show tables of CSA practices, data technologies, system components, and implementation challenges. Finally, we talk about the pros and cons of using these kinds of systems and come to the conclusion that a collaborative approach that combines technical innovation with on-the-ground extension is necessary to move forward with climate-resilient, sustainable agriculture for all types of crops.