The impact of soil biological degradation: A review

Soil microorganisms are essential for nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and pollutant detoxification, playing a vital role in ecosystem stability and soil health. This review examines the impact of agricultural practices and environmental factors on soil microbial communities and the consequent biological degradation. Intensive agriculture, characterized by monocropping and heavy use of chemical fertilizers, leads to reduced microbial diversity and activity, disrupting nutrient cycles and impairing soil fertility. Studies indicate that sustainable practices such as organic farming, conservation agriculture, and crop rotations enhance microbial activity, improve soil structure, and boost crop yields. Agroforestry systems and the use of organic amendments have shown higher microbial and enzymatic activities compared to traditional monocropping. Additionally, environmental disturbances like deforestation, mining, and fires significantly reduce microbial biomass and alter community structures, further degrading soil health. Mitigation strategies, including zero tillage and residue retention, are effective in combating biological degradation and improving soil health. This review underscores the need for sustainable land management practices to preserve soil microbial diversity, enhance soil fertility, and ensure long-term agricultural productivity. Future research should focus on promoting strategies that support microbial activity and contribute to the sustainability of agroecosystems.