Retained placenta in bovines: Current understanding and future directions

Retained placenta (RP) is a condition in which foetal membranes are seen at vulva or are present in uterus even after more than 24 hours post-partum. The cases present with symptoms like pyrexia, inappetence, sudden weight loss and udder inflammation with reduced milk yield few days post-partum. Treatment included uterine lavage, antibiotic therapy, and supportive care. It is a significant reproductive disorder in dairy cattle, associated with substantial economic losses. This review study discusses current understanding of RP aetiology, diagnosis, treatment, and its complications including metritis, mastitis, and tetanus. This article highlights the complexity of RP and the importance of prompt, comprehensive treatment strategies. It also discusses recent advances in understanding RP pathophysiology, and emphasizes the need for improved prevention and management protocols.