Synergistic optimization of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) productivity and economic returns through combined transplanting and bio-fertilizer enriched nutrient management

A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2022 on a loamy sandy soil at Aligarh Muslim University, India, to investigate the synergistic effects of planting methods and integrated nutrient management (INM) on the growth, yield, and economics of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.). The study employed a Split Plot Design with three replications. Main plot treatments were three sowing methods: Broadcasting (BC), Transplanting (TP), and Direct Line Sowing (DS). Sub-plot treatments comprised six INM levels, including a control, NPK applications, and combinations with Farm Yard Manure (FYM) and bio-fertilizers (Azotobacter + PSB). Results revealed that transplanting (TP) significantly enhanced most growth and yield attributes, including grain yield (4685 kg/ha) and fodder yield (10150 kg/ha). Among nutrient levels, the application of 75% NPKS + Azotobacter + PSB (N4) was superior, significantly improving grain yield (4734 kg/ha) and grain protein content (10.81%). A significant synergistic interaction (S x N) was observed for key parameters including grain yield. The combination of Transplanting with N4 (S2N4) yielded the highest grain yield (5061 kg/ha), net realization (₹49,873/ha), and benefit-cost ratio (5.79). This study concludes that the synergistic integration of transplanting with bio-fertilizer-enriched nutrient management is a highly effective strategy for optimizing the productivity and economic returns of pearl millet.