Nanotechnology offers transformative potential in soil science and agriculture by addressing critical challenges such as soil contamination, nutrient deficiency, and declining farmland productivity amid rapid urbanization and industrial pollution. This paper explores the application of nanotechnology in soil remediation and fertilizer efficiency, emphasizing its ability to revolutionize agricultural systems through precise nutrient delivery, enhanced soil fertility, and environmental sustainability. Nanomaterials, defined as particles with at least one dimension between 1-100 nm, exhibit unique physicochemical properties that enable innovative solutions like slow-release nano-fertilizers, contaminant sequestration, and precision agriculture integration. Key advancements include the use of silver, zinc, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles to improve crop yields, remediate heavy metal pollution, and degrade organic contaminants, as demonstrated in greenhouse studies and field trials. However, the technology’s benefits are tempered by potential risks, such as phytotoxicity at high concentrations and environmental dispersion, necessitating rigorous research and regulatory frameworks. Current research highlights successful case studies, including wheat yield enhancement and soil detoxification, while future directions point to interdisciplinary nanomaterial design and integration with precision agriculture for sustainable food production This review underscores nanotechnology’s promise in soil science, advocating for balanced development to maximize benefits and mitigate risks.
