Effect of nano urea on growth, yield, and nutrient efficiency in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.): A review

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a nitrogen-intensive crop, traditionally reliant on conventional urea fertilizers that often result in low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and significant environmental losses. Nano urea, a foliar-applied nanotechnology-based fertilizer, offers a promising alternative by enhancing nutrient uptake and minimizing nitrogen wastage. Recent field trials in West Bengal and Haryana have demonstrated that integrating nano urea with reduced doses of conventional nitrogen and micronutrients, such as zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄), significantly enhances vegetative growth, chlorophyll content, and tuber yield. Treatments involving nano urea recorded improved physiological traits and higher NUE, up to 15.30% compared to full recommended doses of traditional fertilizers. Its nanoscale formulation (30-50 nm) facilitates efficient foliar absorption and targeted nitrogen delivery, aligning well with sustainable nutrient management practices. Economically, nano urea reduces input costs while enhancing productivity, making it a viable option for resource-efficient farming. However, challenges such as limited farmer awareness and the need for region-specific application protocols remain. Overall, nano urea represents a forward-looking innovation in nitrogen management for potato cultivation, contributing to improved yield, economic viability, and environmental sustainability.