Mycorrhizal symbiosis: Evolution, ecology, and functional dynamics in plant-fungal interactions

Mycorrhiza refers to the mutually beneficial relationship between fungi and plant roots, which plays a crucial role in nutrient cycling, plant growth, and maintaining ecosystem balance. This review explores different types of mycorrhizas: arbuscular, ectomycorrhiza, orchidaceous, and ericoid—along with their diverse structures and functions. Mycorrhizal fungi enhance the absorption of phosphorus and micronutrients, increase plant tolerance to various biotic and abiotic stresses, and contribute to overall plant health through interactions with beneficial microorganisms such as nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. Beyond supporting plant growth, these fungi are vital for soil aggregation, carbon sequestration, and the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. Future studies should prioritize selecting efficient strains, improving inoculum quality, and applying molecular tools to gain deeper insights into symbiotic effectiveness. Overall, mycorrhizal technology holds great promise for advancing sustainable agriculture and ecological restoration efforts.