2024, Vol. 7, Issue 9, Part D

author(s)
Dr. K Khanchana, Ayesha Siddiqua, Dr. P Tanuja, Dr. Sanjay Koushal, Ravi Pratap Singh, Abhishek Pratap Singh, Deepashri J and C Venkatesh

abstract
Grafting has been a pivotal technique in apple tree propagation for centuries, allowing for the combination of desirable characteristics such as disease resistance, tree size control, and fruit quality. This review explores the historical evolution of grafting techniques, from traditional methods like whip and tongue grafting to modern innovations such as micrografting and tissue culture. The article delves into the impact of rootstock selection, highlighting how advancements in rootstock varieties have improved graft success rates, disease resistance, and environmental adaptability. Technological innovations, including automated grafting machines, computer modeling, and robotic systems, are also examined, showcasing their role in increasing precision and efficiency in large-scale apple cultivation. Furthermore, the review discusses the role of genetic and environmental factors in graft success, with an emphasis on the potential of biotechnological tools such as CRISPR to revolutionize graft compatibility and disease resistance. Despite the advancements, challenges such as graft incompatibility and disease transmission persist, necessitating ongoing research. The economic and environmental benefits of modern grafting techniques, particularly in terms of sustainability and reduced chemical input, are emphasized. Finally, the future of apple tree grafting is considered, focusing on the potential of AI, robotics, and cross-species grafting to drive further innovation. This comprehensive review provides a critical understanding of grafting advancements and their impact on apple tree development, sustainability, and future prospects.