Assessing the constraints in groundnut cultivation using the Friedman test: A case study in Hardoi district, Uttar Pradesh

The average cost of cultivating groundnuts per hectare is Rs.50315.45, with marginal farms paying the highest costs. The highest costs are for irrigation, labor, and tractors, with irrigation being the most expensive. Tractor fees, manures, fertilizers, seed, and other expenses account for 7.48, 6.74, 11.56, and 7.30 percent of total costs. Family labor negatively correlates with farm size growth. Medium farms report the highest gross income, followed by small and marginal farms. Farmer polls reveal several agricultural limitations, including uncertainty in market prices after harvesting; grazing animal problems, lack of irrigation facilities, high labor wages, and transport problems.