Soil fertility is one of the important components of sustainable agricultural practices, as it impacts crop productivity, food security, and environmental well-being. However, the general degradation of agricultural soils is a big challenge due to intensive farming practices, over-reliance on chemical fertilizers, and the effects of climate change. To overcome these issues, there is an increased need for alternative approaches that enhance and sustain soil fertility. Organic amendments, such as compost, manure, and crop residues, serve as a source of essential nutrients while enhancing soil structure, water retention, and microbial activity. These materials not only supply macronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium but also improve soil organic matter, which is crucial for soil health and long-term fertility. In addition, organic amendments can help in the sequestration of carbon, making them a valuable tool for climate change mitigation. Bio-fertilizers, which include the application of beneficial microorganisms, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, and mycorrhizal fungi, are critical for optimizing nutrient availability to plants. They improve nutrient uptake through improved nutrient cycling and soil microbial diversity. Bio fertilizers can also reduce the dependence on chemical fertilizers, which minimizes environmental pollution and promotes ecological balance.
