Unraveling the effects of low nitrogen stress on morphological traits and transcriptome profiles in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings

Low nitrogen availability significantly affects wheat growth and development. This study investigates the morphological changes and differential gene expression in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots and leaves under low nitrogen stress. We observed significant reductions in plant height, leaf area, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, total root length, and total root number. Transcriptome analysis identified 2,265 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in roots and 2,083 in leaves. Notably, roots exhibited 1,688 up-regulated and 577 down-regulated genes, while leaves showed 505 up-regulated and 1,578 down-regulated genes. Functional enrichment analyses revealed key genes involved in signal transduction, nitrogen metabolism, antioxidant activity, and environmental adaptation, providing insights for future research into improving wheat resilience under low nitrogen conditions.