Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays a critical role in reshaping the genetic architecture of plants beyond traditional inheritance. Unlike vertical gene transfer, which transfers traits from parent to offspring, HGT enables the movement of genes across unrelated species, contributing to the acquisition of novel traits. In plant biotechnology, HGT offers significant applications in developing transgenic crops, stress-tolerant plants, and biofortified foods. Primary mechanisms of HGT include transformation, transduction, and conjugation, facilitated by mobile elements such as transposons, viruses, and plasmids. These advancements provide new opportunities for agricultural innovation, including enhanced crop productivity and resistance to environmental stress. However, concerns about gene escape, biodiversity impacts, and socio-ethical issues necessitate careful regulatory oversight. This article reviews the mechanisms, applications, challenges, regulatory frameworks, and future directions for HGT in plant biotechnology, aiming to balance the benefits and risks for sustainable agriculture.
